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What are the difference between DDL, DML and DCL

Data Definition Language (DDL): ~ statements are used to define the database structure or schema.

1. CREATE - to create objects in the database
2. ALTER - alters the structure of the database
3. DROP - delete objects from the database
4. TRUNCATE - remove all records from a table, including all spaces allocated for the records are removed
5. COMMENT - add comments to the data dictionary
6. RENAME - rename an object

Data Manipulation Language (DML):~ statements are used for managing data within schema objects.

1. SELECT - retrieve data from the a database
2. INSERT - insert data into a table
3. UPDATE - updates existing data within a table
4. DELETE - deletes all records from a table, the space for the records remain
5. MERGE - UPSERT operation (insert or update)
6. CALL - call a PL/SQL or Java subprogram
7. EXPLAIN PLAN - explain access path to data
8. LOCK TABLE - control concurrency

Data Control Language (DCL): ~is used to control the data between different user accounts.

1. GRANT - gives user's access privileges to database
2. REVOKE - withdraw access privileges given with the GRANT command

Transaction Control (TCL): ~ is used to manage the changes made by DML statements. It allows statements to be grouped together into logical transactions.

1. COMMIT - save work done
2. SAVEPOINT - identify a point in a transaction to which you can later roll back
3. ROLLBACK - restore database to original since the last COMMIT
4. SET TRANSACTION - Change transaction options like isolation level and what rollback segment to use

Keys in Database

Primary key:-  The attribute or combination of attributes
that uniquely identifies a row or record.

Foreign Key:- an attribute or combination of attribute in a
table whose value match a primary key in another table.

Composite key:- A primary key that consistsof two or more
attributes is known as composite key

candidate key:-  is a column in a table which has the
ability to become a primary key.

Alternate Key:- Any of the candidate keys that is not part
of the primary key is called an alternate key.

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Integrated Development Environment	Visual studio	Eclipse / Netbeans
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Media player	Windows Media Player	VLC Media player / Zinf
UML and Network diagram tools	Visio	Dia / Star UML
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Java Final Keyword

• A java variable can be declared using the keyword final. Then the final variable can be assigned only once.
• A variable that is declared as final and not initialized is called a blank final variable. A blank final variable forces the constructors to initialise it.
• Java classes declared as final cannot be extended. Restricting inheritance!
• Methods declared as final cannot be overridden. In methods private is equal to final, but in variables it is not.
• final parameters – values of the parameters cannot be changed after initialization. Do a small java exercise to find out the implications of final parameters in method overriding.
• Java local classes can only reference local variables and parameters that are declared as final.
• A visible advantage of declaring a java variable as static final is, the compiled java class results in faster performance.